Health Science 60

Quiz 2

 

 

 

Circulation
Chapter 9

A. Structural Terms

Aorta- the largest artery

Artery – vessel tat carries oxygenated blood (red)

Atrium – entrance chamber. One of two receiving chambers of the heart

Capillary – vessel through which materials are exchanged between blood and tissues

Pulmonary artery – carries DEOXYGENATED blood from heart to lungs IT IS THE ONLY ARTERY THAT CARRIES DEOXYGENATED BLOOD.

Pulmonary vein – carries OXYGENATED blood from heart to heart

Valve – structure that keeps blood from flowing forward

Vena Cava – The two large veins that collect blood returning from all parts of the body and return it to the heart (right atrium) The inferior vena cava brings blood from the lower half of the body; and the superior vena cava brings blood from the upper half.

Ventricle – one of two lower pumping chambers of the heart

Vessel – channel for carrying fluid, such as blood or lymph

Intraventricular septum – structure that divides the heart into right and left sections

Endocardium – inner layer or lining of the heart

Myocardium – middle layer or muscle of the heart

Epicardium – outer most layer of the heart

B. Physiological Terms

Blood pressure – force exerted by blood flowing against the wall of a vessel

Diastole – relaxation phase of the heart cycle

Heart sounds – sounds made by valves closing in the heart; the “lub-dub”

Perfusion – passage of blood through vessels

Pulse – expansion and contraction of an artery which may be felt w/ the finger

Systole – the contraction phase of the heart cycle

Vasoconstriction – narrowing of a blood vessel

Vasodilatation – widening of a blood vessel

C. Abnormalities

Aneurysm – sac formed by the weakening and dilation of the walls of an artery or vein and is filled with blood

Angina pectoris – pain resulting from lack of blood supply to the myocardium or heart muscle

Atherosclerosis – narrowing of the lumen of an artery due to fat deposits

Congenital heart disease – disease or malformation of the heart that one is born with

Cyanosis – bluish discoloration of skin due to lack of oxygen

Diaphoresis – profuse sweating

Edema – abnormal amounts of fluid in intercellular tissue spaces of the body

Hypotension – low blood pressure

Hypertension (HTN) – high blood pressure

Infarction – death of cardiac tissue due to lack of oxygen

Ischemia – deficiency of oxygenated blood supply to the body parts

Embolism/embolus – dot that breaks loose and travels a smaller vessel and lodges there causing a blockage

Murmer – swishing sound heard with the heart sounds

Occlusion – blockage of vessel

Phlebitis – inflammation of the vein

Septicemia – presence of bacterial toxins in the blood

Shock – condition of acute peripheral circulatory failure

Stroke – death of brain tissue due to lack of oxygenated blood

Syn Cope – temporary loss of consciousness due to insufficient oxygenated blood to the brain

Thrombosis/thrombus – a clot or plug in a blood vessel

Varicose vein – unnaturally swollen vein

Cardiac Terms:

Angioplasty – an insertion of a balloon device into the coronary artery to crush the plaque build up: opens lumen of artery

Arrhythmia – any variation from the normal heart rhythm

Bradycardia – abnormally slow heart rate

Cardioversion – application of electrical current to change the rhythm of the heart; current delivered in synch with the heartbeat

Electrocardiography – an instrument used to record the electrical activity of the heart, makes a recording on paper

Tachycardia – abnormally fast heart rate

Blood and Immunity
Chapter 10

A. Key terms

Antibody – A protein produced in the immune system in response to and interacting specifically with an antigen, bacteria, or virus

Antigen – foreign protein that initiates the production of an antibody

Hematology – the study of blood and blood disease

Hemoglobin – The iron-containing pigment in the red blood cells that transports oxygen

Immunology – Study of the immune system

Lymphocyte – Monecular leukocyte that produces antibodies

pH – Measure of relative acidity

Plasma – water portion of blood (90% water) is 55% of blood; contains proteins, salts, nutrients, hormones, and vitamins

Platelets – A formed element of blood that is active in homeostasis; a thrombocyte; clumps at site of injury to prevent bleeding and facilitate clotting

RBC – red blood cell count: # of red blood cells per cubic mm of blood ; erythrocyte

WBC – white blood cells: # of white blood cells per cubic mm of blood

B. Abnormalities/Disorders

Anemia – deficiency in the amount of hemoglobin or # of RBC’s in the blood

Anaphylic reaction – an exaggerated allergic reaction to a foreign substance

Ecchymosis – bruise; a collection of blood under the skin caused by a leakage from small vessels

Hematoma – collection of clotted blood resulting from an injury

Hemophilia – a hereditary blood disease of unknown cause that involves the lymph nodes, etc.; lack of protein substances factor VIII or factor VIX

Hemorrhage – profuse flow of blood

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) – the virus that causes AIDS

Inflammation – An increase in cancerous blood cells. Malignant leukocytes fill the marrow and blood

Lymphoma – Any neoplastic disease of lymphoid tissue, such as Burkat disease, Hodgkin disease and others

Purpura – Multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulates of blood under the skin

Urticaria – A skin reaction consisting of round, raised eruptions (wheels) w/ itching; hives – acute allergic reaction in which red ,round wheels develop in the skin

AIDS – Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome – syndrome associated with suppression of the immunity system and marked by infections

Lymphatic System Structural Terms

Lymph – the thin plasma-like fluid that drains from the tissue and is transported in lymphatic vessels

Lymph node – A small mass of lymphoid tissue along the path of a lymphatic vessel that filters WBCs

Tonsil – small masses of lymphoid tissue located in the region of the throat

Placque – deposits of fatty material on a vessel wall that impedes

Respiration
Chapter 11

A. Structural Terms

Nares – the external openings of the nose; the nostrils

Larynx – the enlarged upper end of the trachea that contains the vocal cords

Pharynx – the throat; a common passageway for food entering the esophagus and air entering the larynx

Trachea – the air passageway that extends from the larynx to the bronchi

Bronchus – one of the larger air passageways in the lungs. The bronchi begin as 2 branches of the trachea and then subdivide within the lungs

Bronchiole – one of the smaller subdivisions of the bronchial tubes

Alveoli – Small sac in lung where gas exchange occurs

Diaphragm – Major muscle of respiration located below the ribs

Lungs – coned-shaped spongy organs of respiration contained within the thorax

Mediastinum – the space \between the lungs together with the organs contained in this space

B. Physiological Terms

Oxygen (O₂) – The gas needed by cells to release energy from food in metabolism

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) – gaseous waste product

Pulse Oximetry – a device that measures the amount of saturated hemoglobin in the tissue capillaries

Sputum – mucous, matter ejected by coughing or clearing the throat

Ventilation – The movement of air into and out of the lungs

C. Abnormalities

Acidosis – abnormal acidity of body fluids

Alkalosis – abnormal alkalinity of body fluids

Aspiration – inhalation of foreign bodies into the lungs

Atelectasis – collapse of the whole lung or part of the lung

Bronchitis – Inflammation of the bronchus

Dyspnea – difficulty breathing

Hemoptysis – the spitting of blood from the mouth or respiratory tract

Hypoxia – decrease in oxygen in tissues

Hypoventilation – Decreased rate and depth of breathing; decrease in the amount of air entering the alveoli

Hyperventilation –Increased rate and depth of breathing; increase in the amount of air entering the alveoli

Pneumonia – Inflammation of the lungs generally caused by infection

Pneumothorax – accumulation of air or gas in the pleural space. May result from injury or disease or may be produced artificially to collapse a lung

Pulmonary – pertaining to the respiratory tract or disease

Stridor – A harsh, high-pitched sound caused by obstruction of an upper air passageway

Tuberculosis (TB) – an infectious disease caused by tubercle bacillus, mycobacterium tuberculosis. Often involves the lungs but may involve other parts of the body as well

Wheeze – a whistling or sighing sound caused by narrowing of a respiratory passageway

D. Abbreviations

ABG’S – Arterial blood gas(es)

COPD – Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CXR – Chest X-ray

IPB – Intermittent positive pressure breathing

LLL – Left lower lobe (of lung)

LUL – Left upper lobe (of lung)

RLL – Right lower lobe (of lung)

RML – Right middle lobe (of lung)

RUL – Right upper lobe (of lung)

URI – Upper respiratory infection

Drugs
Chapter 8

A. Types of Drugs

Analgesic – alleviates pain

Anesthetics – reduces or eliminates sensation; blocks nerves to inhibit feeling “numb”

Antiarrythmics – eliminates abnormal heart beats/rhythm

Antibiotics – kills bacteria

Anticoagulant – prevents coagulation and formation of blood cells

Antiemetic – relieves symptoms of nausea and prevents vomiting; relieves nausea

Antihistamine – reduces secretion of cells, drying effect; prevents responses needed by histane; allergic inflammatory reactions

Antihypertensive – lower blood pressure by reducing cardiac output, dilating vessels or preventing excretion of water by the kidneys

Anti-inflammatory – counteracts inflammation and swelling

Antittusive – suppresses cough

Antipyretic – reduces temperature

Bronchodilator – Drug that relieves bronchial spasm & widens

Chemotherapy – destroys cancer cells/abnormal cells

Diuretic – causes urination

Expectorant – cough inducer

Hypnotic – induces sleep or dulls the senses

Sedative – induces relaxation; soothes or calms

B. Terms Describing Action

Antineoplastic – destroys cancer cells

Chronotropic – acts as the rate of muscle contraction

Hemolytic – destroys blood cells

Inotropic – acting on force of muscle contraction

Vasomotor – changes diameter of vessel

C. Terms Concerned with Drug Administration

Times:

BID – twice a day

TID – three times a day

QID – four times a day

STAT – immediately

Routes:

Aerosol – inhaling

IM – intramuscular

IV – intravenous

po – big mouth

sublingual – under the tongue

subq – subcutaneous

topical – placed on top or rubber into skin

ung – ointment

Equipment terms

Ampule – small glass container that the top is broken off to remove medications

IV – intravaneous: medicine and fluids administered through a needle/catheter

Syringe – device in which medicine is drawn into, needle is placed on hub, medicine is than injected

Tab – tablets

Vial – small bottle with self-sealing cap, multiple medication does may be drawn out w/ a syringe

Digestion
Chapter 12

A. Structural Terms

Oral cavity – mouth

Esophagus – muscular tube from mouth to stomach;

Stomach/gastric – muscular organ digestion that receive fluid from esophagus

Duodenum – first portion of the small intestine

Jejunum – middle portion of the small intestine

Ileum – last portion of the small intestine

Colon – large intestine

Anus – opening to the outside of the body from the distal end of the large intestine

Gallbladder – small sac under the liver, stores bile

Pancreas – organ under the stomach, produces digestive enzyme and insulin

B. Physiological Function Terms

Mastication – act of chewing

Deglutition – act of swallowing

Digestion – process of breaking down feed into absorbable particles from complex fluids to symptoms

Feces – solid waste, stool, bowel movement

Defacation – passage of feces from body through the anus

C. Abnormalities

Aphagia – unable to swallow

Cachexia – general ill health and malnutrition

Caries – cavities

Emesis – vomit

Flatus/flatulence – gas expelled from anus

Hemorrhoid – a varicose dilation of a vein in the rectal area

Ileus – intestinal obstruction

Melena –blood in the stool

D. Abbreviations

BE – barium enema

BM – bowel movement

GI – gastrointestinal

NG – nasal gastric

N&V – nausea & vomiting

TPN – total parental nutrition

UGI – upper gastrointestinal