Health Science 60

Urinary System
Chapter 13

A. Structural Terms

Bladder – receptacle for urine

Kidney – organ or excretion; filter blood and form urine, which contain waste products

Nephron – main working unit of the kidney

Ureter – tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder

Urethra- tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

Urinary meatus – urethra opening

B. Physiological Function Terms

Micturation – urination

Nephrology – study of the kidney and disease of the kidney

Urology – study of the urinary tract and its disease

Renal- pertaining to the kidney

C. Abnormalities

Anuresis – lack of urination

Anuria – lack of urine formation by the kidney

Azotemia – presence of urea or other nitrogenous bodies in the blood

Cystitis- inflammation of the urinary bladder usually as a result of infection

Cystocele – protrusion of the urinary bladder through a weaken vaginal wall

Dehydration – excessive loss of bodily fluids

Diabetes insipidus – metabolic disorder, marked by great thirst and a large urine output, with no excess of sugar

Dysuria- painful or difficult urination

Diuresis – increased urination

Enuresis- involuntary urination, usually at night, bed-wetting

Epispadias: congenital defect, meatus/opening of urethra at the dorsal of the penis as a groove or cleft

Glycosuria: sugar in the urine

Hematuria: blood in the urine

Hemodialysis: an artificial kidney machine that receives waste filled blood from the patient blood stream, filters it and returns the filtered blood to the patients body

Hypospadias: congenital defect in male, opening of the urethra on the underside of the penis, in the female urethra opens into the vagina

Hypovolemia: decreased blood volume

Hypervolemia: increased blood volume

Incontinence: bowel or bladder is emptied involuntary

Nephritis: inflammation of the kidney

Neurogenic bladder: condition involving nervous system in which the urge to urinate is lost

Nocturia: excessive urination at night

Pitting edema: swelling that results from fluid leaving the circulatory system and going into adjacent tissues; leaves an indentation when pressed in

Polydipsia: excessive thirst

Polyuria: excessive urination

Pyuria: presence of pus in the urine

Retention of urine: inability to expel urine from the bladder

Uremia: presence of urinary constituents in the blood

Ureterocele: sac formed when the terminal end of the ureter passes into the bladder

Urinary frequency: frequent urination, small amounts

Urinary urgency: intense urge to urinate, incontinence may result

D. Abbreviations

ADH: anti diuretic hormone

BUN: blood, urea, nitrogen (blood test)

ESRD: end stage renal disease

GU: genital urinary

IVP: intravenous pylogram (x-ray using dye)

UA: urine analysis

Reproductive System
Chapter 14

A. Structural Terms Related to Male Reproduction

Root	Meaning	Example	Definition
test/o	Testis	Testicle	Male sex gland
spermat/o	Sperm	Spermatozoa	Male sex cell
vas/o	Vesse, vas deferens	Vasectomy	Removal of vas deferens (tube carrying sperm)
osche/o	Scrotum	Oscheal	Pertaining to scrotum (sac that holds testis)

 

B. Structural Terms Related to Female Reproduction

Root	Meaning	Example	Definition
men/o	Menstruation		Cyclic uterine bleeding
ov/o	Ovum	Ovulation	Release of mature unimpregnated ovum
salping/o	Tube, oviduct	Salpingectomy	Excision of an oviduct (Removal of fallopian tubes)
hyster/o	Uterus	Hysterectomy	Removal of uterus

*Meno=month

C. Structural Terms

Root	Meaning	Example	Definition
vagin/o	Sheath, vagina	Vaginal	Pertaining to the vagina, lower part of birth canal, opens to outside, female organ of sexual intercourse
perine/o	Perineum	Perineal	Pertaining to the perineum, area between the vaginal opening and anus
mamm/o	Breast	Mammograph	x-ray of breast

 

D. Abbreviations

BPH – Benign prostatic hyperplasia (enlarged prostate gland – noncancerous)

BSE – breast self examination

D&C – Dilation & Curettage

FSH – Follicle simulating hormone

GU – genitourinary

UG – urogenital

GYN – gynecology

IUD – intrauterine device

LH – luteinizing hormone

PID – pelvic inflammatory disease

PMS – premenstrual syndrome

PSA – prostate-specific antigen

STD – sexually transmitted disease

TURP – transurethral resection of prostate

VD – veneral disease

VDRL – veneral disease research laboratory (test for syphilis)

E. Key terms

Coitus – Sexual Intercourse

Ejaculation – ejection of semen from the male urethra

Endometrium – the innermost layer of the uterine wall, which has a rich blood supply (lining of the uterus)

Erection – the stiffening of or hardening of the penis or the clitoris, usually because of sexual excitement, which fills with blood

Gamete – sex cell; a mature reproductive cell, the spermatozoon in the male and the ovum in the female

Gonad – a sex gland; testis or ovary

Meiosis – the type of cell division that forms the gametes; it results in cells with 23 chromosomes, half the number found in other body cells

Pregnancy and Birth
Chapter 15

A. Pregnancy Terms

Amniotic
fluid/sac – the membranous sac filled with fluid that holds the fetus; also called amnion; cushions the developing fetus

Chromosome – a threadlike body in the nucleus of a cell that contains genetic information

Embryo – the stage in development between the zygote and the fetus, extending from the 2^nd to 8^th week of growth in the uterus (2^nd month)

Fertilization – the union of an ovum and a spermatozoon

Fetus – the developing child in the uterus from the 3^rd month to birth

Gene – a hereditary unit composed of DNA and combined with other genes to form the chromosomes

Gestation – the period of development from contraception to birth

Implantation – fertilized egg embeds in wall of uterus

Placenta – the organ, composed of fetal and maternal tissues, that nourishes and maintains the developing fetus

Umbilical
Cord – the structure that connects the fetus to the placenta. It contains vessels that carry blood between the mother and the fetus

Zygote – the fertilized ovum (egg)

B. Delivery and Newborn Terms

Colostrum – breast fluid that is secreted in the first few days after giving birth, before milk is produced

Fontanel – a membrane-covered space between cranial bodies in the fetus that later becomes ossified; a soft spot in the cranium

Meconium – the first feces of the newborn

Lactation – the secretion of milk from the breasts

Gravida – refers to pregnancy (how many pregnancies?)

Lochia – the mixture of blood, mucus, and tissue discharged from the uterus after childbirth

Neonate – newborn

Para – woman who has given birth; refers to child (how many live births?)

Vernix
caseosa – the cheeselike deposits that cover and protect the fetus (literally “cheesy varnish”)

C. Abnormalities, Tests, and Other Terms

Amniocentesis – transabdominal puncture of the amniotic sac to remove amniotic fluid for testing. Test on the cells and fluid obtained can reveal congenital abnormalities, blood incompability, and sex of the fetus

Candidiasis – infection with the fungus Candida, a common cause of vaginitis

Cesarean – incision of the abdominal wall and uterus for the delivery of a fetus; surgical removal of fetus from uterus

Cone
biopsy – removal of a cone of tissue from the lining of the cervix for cytological examination

Congenital – present at birth

Dilation
and
curettage
(D&C) – dilatation of cervix for…

Dysmenorrhea – painful or difficult menstruation. A common disorder that may be caused by infection, use of intrauterine device, endometriosis, overproduction of prostaglandins, or other factors

Endometriosis – growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, usually in the pelvic cavity

Engorgement – breast become excessively full of milk

Fibroid – benign tumor of smooth muscle; tumor comprised of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue

Hysterectomy – surgical removal of the uterus. Most commonly done because of tumors. Often the oviducts and ovaries are removed as well

Laparoscopy – endoscopic examination of the abdomen; may include surgical procedures, such as tubal ligation

Mammography – radiographic study of the breast for detection of breast cancer

Mastectomy – excision of the breast to eliminate malignancy

Obstetrics – the branch of medicine that treats women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium (period after birth). Usually combined with the practice of gynecology

Obstetrician – one who treats females during pregnancy, childbirth, and period after child birth

Oophorectomy – excision of an ovary

Pap smear – study of cells collected from the cervix and vagina for early detection of cancer

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) – condition caused by the spread of infection from the reproductive tract into the pelvic cavity. Commonly caused by sexually transmitted gonorrhea and Chlamydial infections

Phenylketonuria
(PKU) – lack of enzyme to metabolize an amino acid; neurologic signs, mental retardation, lack of pigment; tested for at birth; special diet can prevent retardation

Preeclampsia – a state of hypertension during pregnancy in association with oliguria, pretinuria, and edema; toxicity of pregnancy

Prolapse
of the uterus – downward displacement of the uterus with the cervix sometimes protruding from the vagina

Rectocele – herniation of the rectum into the wall of the vagina

Salpingectomy – surgical removal of the oviduct (fallopian tube)

Salpingitis – inflammation of the oviducts (fallopian tube)

Speculum – an instrument used to enlarge the opening of a passage or cavity for examination

Tubal
ligation – surgical constriction of the oviducts to produce sterilization

Vaginitis – inflammation of the vagina

Endocrine System
Chapter 16

A. Structural Terms

Adrenals – endocrine gland located above the kidney that produce cortical hormones and medullary hormones; also called suprarenals

Hypothalamus – part of the brain that controls the pituary gland and maintains homeostasis

Ovaries – female sex organ; produces estrogen and progesterone

Pancreas – produces digestive enzymes and hormones

Parathyroids – glands that regulates calcium levels

Pituary – gland located in the brain, produces hormone that controls other endocrine glands

Testes – male external genitalia; produces sperm and testosterone

Thalamus – part of the brain that serves as a relay center for sensory impulses going to the cerebral ….

Thymus – gland in chest that affects immunity

Thyroid –
gland located in neck regulates the rate of metabolism

B. Physiological Terms

Adrenaline – neurotransmitter and hormone, released from the adrenal glands (epinephrine)

Cortisol – hormone produced by the adrenal gland

Endocrine glands – gland that secrete directly into the bloodstream

Exocrine glands – refers to a gland that secretes through a duct

Hormone – secretion of endocrine gland, messenger that has a regulating effect on other glands

Insulin – produced by pancreas, regulates blood sugar

Iodine – element in thyroid hormone

Acromegaly – condition caused by excessive growth hormone in adults

Addison’s
Disease – disease of the adrenal cortex; deficiency of cortical hormones

Adenoma – benign tumor with gland-like structure

Cretinism – condition resulting from 2727 congenital lack of thyroid secretions; arrested physical and mental development

Cushing’s
Disease/syndrome – opposite of Addison’s Disease; excess of adrenal…

Diabetes – disease characterized by insufficient insulin, disorder of sugar metabolism

Endocrinology – study of endocrine system and disease

Goiter – enlargement of the thyroid gland

Hypothyroidism – low production of the thyroid hormone

Ketosis – condition characterized by abnormally elevated concentration of ketone bodies in blood or body fluids

Steroid – hormone made of lipids from the sex glands and adrenal glands

 

Nervous System
Chapter 17

A. Structural Terms

Afferent – refers to movement towards

Axon– part of the neuron that carries the impulse away from the cell body

Cerebral
cortex – thin outer layer of gray matter on surface of the brain

Central nervous system (CNS) – brain and spinal cord

Cerebral
spinal
fluid – fluid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord

Cranial
nerves – carry impulses to and from the brain

Dendrite – branches of the neuron that take messages toward the cell body

Grey
matter – nervous tissue composed of unmyelinated fibers

Lobes – divisions of the brain

Meninges – membranes covering the brain and spinal cord

Nerves – bundle of neuron fibers outside the CNS

Neuron – a nerve cell… page 455

Neurotransmitter – chemical released into the space between 2 neurons to transmit energy across a synapse

Peripheral
nervous
system – all nerves outside of CNS

Spinal
cord – cable of nervous tissue leading directly into the brain
*if one has damage from the top of the spinal cord, most of the functions are paralyzed; however, if there is damage in the middle there is paralysis from the waist down

Spinal nerves – carry messages to and from the spine

Synapse – junction between 2 neurons

Ventricle – cavity in brain through which CSF flows and where it is produced

White
matter – nervous tissue composed of myelinated fibers
*note: opposite of gray matter

B.
Structural
Terms

Efferent – refers to movement away from

Parasympathetic
nervous
system – part of PNS; relaxed state

Reflex – action or movement in response to a stimulus; involuntary activity

Sympathetic
nervous
system – part of PNS; excited state

C.
Abnormalities
and
Other
Terms

Aphasia – lack of speech communication

Ataxia – lack of muscle coordination

Catatomia – unresponsive state

Coma – state of unconsciousness from which a person cannot be aroused

Convulsion – violent involuntary contraction or series of contractions of the voluntary muscle

CVA – cerebral vascular accident; acute ischemic stroke

EEG – study of the electrical activity of the brain

Epilepsy – disturbance of electrical activity in brain causing seizures and loss of consciousness (seizure disorders) *cause is still unknown; may be due to trauma, heredity, temperature, or unknown

Hemiplegia – paralysis of one side of the body

Hydrocephalus – abnormal accumulation of fluid in the cranial vault resulting in enlargement of the head *this results in brain damage, which can vary (starts as a baby); the children are tube fed, most are ward of the state

LP – lumbar puncture, spinal tap, withdrawal CSF fluid for analysis

Mania – mental disorder characterized by hyperirritability and increased motor activity: obsession

Meningioma – tumor of the meninges

C. Abnormalities and Other Terms

Meningitis –

MS – multiple sclerosis, progressive nervous disease w/ loss of myelin and hardening of tissue

Neurology – study of the nervous system and diseases

Neurologist – physician who cares for problems of the nervous system

Paralysis – loss of movement in a part

Paranoia – delusions of being persecuted

Paraplegia – paralysis of the legs and lower part of the body

Parkinson’s disease – degeneration of nerves, occurring later in life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles and slowness of movement

Psychosis – mental disorder characterized by loss of contact with reality
*Neurosis means you are still functional

Quadriplegia – paralysis of both sides of the body, all four extremities

Seizure – sudden burst of electrical activity from the brain, results in involuntary muscle tremors, twitching, contractions

Shingles – infected with Herpes Zoster
*cold sores is in stressful times

Subdural
hematoma – collection of blood below the dura

Tremor – involuntary trembling or quivering

Senses
Chapter 18

A. Types

Accommodation – changes in the eye for near and far vision

Auditory – pertaining to the sense of hearing

Gestation – act of tasting or the sense of taste

Olfaction – sense of smell

Proprioception – awareness of body positions

Refraction – bending of the light rays by the cornea, lens and fluids of the eye to bring the ray into focus on the retina
*optometrist tests this

Tactile – pertaining to the sense of touch

Aqueous
humor – fluid filling the space anterior to the lens in the eyeball
*vitreous humor – jelly-like material

Conjunctiva – membrane that lines and protects the eyelid

Cornea – transparent covering of the front of the eye

Eyelid – upper and lower movable folds that protects the anterior surface of the eye

Forvea
centralis – area of clearest vision

Iris – colored part of the eye; regulates the amount of light that enters by altering the pupil size

Lacrimal – pertaining to tears

Lens – structure in the eye that refracts light; it is elastic to allow for near and far vision

Optic
disc – region at the back of the eye where the optic nerve meets the retina. The blind spot of the eye, contains only nerve fibers no cones or rods

Pupil – opening in the center of the iris for the transmission of light

Retina – innermost layer of the eyeball

Sciera – white part of the eye, though outer covering

Viterous
humor – jelly-like substance that fills back 2/3 of the eyeball; gives eyeball shape

EAR

Cochlea – organ of hearing, resembles a snail in shape

Eustachian
tube – auditory tube connecting middle ear cavity to the throat, equalizes pressure, auditory canal

Labyrinth – inner ear

***Organ of corti – auditory

***Pinna – projecting part of the ear lying outside of the head

Stapes, incus, maleolus (ossicles) – small bones of the ear that transmit sound waves

Tympanic
membrane – the scientific name for the eardrum

EYE

Accommodation –

Convergence – coordinated movement of the eyes toward fixation of the same near point

Ophthalmologist – a specialist in the study and treatment of visual disorders

Ophthalmology – the study of the eye and its diseases

Refraction – deviation of light in passing through mediums of different density

EAR

Audiologist – person skilled in audiology

Audiology – the study of hearing: treatment of patients with hearing impairment

Cerum – ear wax *blocks inner ear from infection

Abnormalities and Other Terms

Acoustic
neuroma – tumor associated with the ear that grows from a nerve

Astigmatism – defective curvature of the cornea or lens in the eye, preventing sharp distinct focusing of images

Cataract – clouding of the lens, causing decreased vision

Conjunctivitis – inflammation of the conjunctiva/membrance that lines the eyelids
*eyelashes are stuck; pink eye; highly contagious

Diabetic retinopathy – non-inflammatory disease of the retina as a result of diabetes; retinal hemorrhages occur

Glaucoma – increased intraocular pressure in the eye

Hyperalgesia – extreme sensitivity to painful stimuli

Hyperopia – farsightedness

Myopia – nearsightedness

Nystagmus – rapid, involuntary movement of the eyeball

OD – right eye

OS – left eye

OU – both eyes

Otitis
media – inflammation of the ear

Parathesia – abnormalities in skin sensations

Prebyacusis – progressive hearing loss occurring with age

Presbyopia – impairment of vision, “old eye”

Retinal
detachment – retina looseness from interior of the eye

Tinnitus – a noise in the ears, ringing of the ears

Vertigo – dizziness

Electronystagmography – recorded eye movement by means of electrical responses

Electroretinography – recording in the changes in electrical potential in the retina after stimulation by light

Enuclueation – removal of the eyeball

Mydriatic – dilating the pupil; any drug that dilates the pupil

Otoscope – instrument for inspecting the ear

Retinoscope – instrument for examining the retina

Tonometer – instrument for measuring tension or pressure; measures intraocular pressure

The Skeleton System
Chapter 19

A. Structural Terms

Appendicular
Skeleton – framework for the extremities and shoulders and hips

Axial
skeletal – framework for the head and the trunk

Collagen – protein in bone

Diaphysis – central shaft of long bones

Epiphyseal plate – growth region of a long bone

Epiphysis – irregular ends of long bones

Joint – place of union between 2 or more bones

Ossification – bone formation

Osteoblasts – active young cells that produce bone tissue, bone building cells

Osteoclast – cells that destroy (breakdown) bone tissue

Osteocytes – osteoblasts that has become embedded within the bone matrix, mature bone cell that nourishes and maintains bone tissue

Osteogenisis – formation of bone

Periosteum – tissue that covers bone

Red
Marrow – found in ends of long bones and center of other bones, manufactures blood cells

Resorption – process where bone is broken down

Suture – immovable joint

Symphysis – slightly movable joint

Synovial – pertaining to a thick lubricating fluid found in joints

Synovial
fluid – lubricating fluid in the joint

Vertebrae – bones of the spinal column

Yellow
Marrow – found in central cavities of long bones, mostly fat

Abnormalities, Therapies, Other Terms

Ankylosis – abnormal immobility and consolidation of a point

Ankylosis spondylitis – inflammation of the vertebrae, with a bending of crookedness resulting with rheumatoid …

Arthritis – inflammation of a joint

Arthroscopy – looking into the interior of a joint with a scope

Articulation – refers to a joint

Condyl – rounded projection of a bone

Chondrosarcoma – cartilaginous tumor that grows rapidly

Degenerative Joint disease = osteoarthritis: joints degenerating

Foramen – hole that allows a vessel or nerve to pass through or between bones

Fossa – a depression on a bone surface

Fracture – break or rupture of a bone

Gout – a disease of joints due to excessive uric acid; attacks of acute arthritis and chalky deposits in joints

Herniated
disc – disc in spinal column herniates/protrudes through a defect

Laminectomy – excision of part of the vertebrae

Myelogram – x-ray of the spine

Osteoarthritis – chronic multiple degenerative joint disease

Osteomalacia – softening of the bones: painful & tender

Osteomyelitis – inflammation of the bone and bone marrow

Orthopedics – the study of bones and bone disorders

Osteoporosis – loss of bone mass

Paget’s Disease – disease of the elderly; thickening and softening of bones, bowing of long bones

Prosthesis – an artificial substitute for a missing body part

Reduction
of a fracture – realignment of bones that have been manufactured

Rheumatoid
arthritis – disease with inflammation of connective tissue of muscle and joints, painful movements

Rickets – bending and distortion of the bones due to lack of Vitamin D

Scoliosis – sideways curvature of the spine

Sciatica – pain along the course of the sciatic nerve; paresthesia of the thigh and leg

Traction – act of drawing together; device used for the treatment of broken bones

Tubercle – rounded projection on a bone

Muscular System
Chapter 20

A. Structural and Function of Terms

Abduction – movement away from the midline

Actin – protein in muscle responsible for contraction and relaxation

Adduction – movement toward the midline

Antagonist –produces an opposite movement that the prime mover, when the prime mover contracts the antagonist relaxes

Circumduction – circular movement of a limb or eye

Contraction – shortening or development of tension in a muscle

Eversion – a turning outward

Extension – straightening motion increasing angle between two bones

Fascia – band or sheet of connective tissue

Flexion – bending motion that decreases the angle between two bones

Insertion – end of muscle attached to a movable part

Inversion – a turning inward

Involuntary – not moved willingly, unable to control the movement

Isometric – muscle contraction with no change in muscle length but it increases in muscle tension

Isotonic – muscle contraction where tone stays the same but muscle shortens to produce movement

Kinetic – pertaining to movement

Ligaments – band of tissue that connect bones (bone to bone)

Myosin – protein in muscle responsible for contraction and relaxation

Origin – end of a muscle attached to a non-movement part

Rotation -movement around an axis

Smooth
muscle – make up walls of hollow body organs, blood vessels and respiratory passage; involuntary movements

Striated
muscle – skeletal muscles; voluntary movements

Tendons – fibrous cord by which the muscle is attached (muscles to bone)

Tonus – steady state of partial contraction of muscle

Voluntary muscle – movement at will; can control the movement

B. Abnormalities and Other Terms

Ataxia – lack of muscle coordination

Atrophy – wasting of tissue; loss of muscle mass

Clonic – rapid spasms alternating between rigidity and relaxation

Electromyopathy – recording changes in electrical potential of muscle by means of surface electrodes

Hypertrophy – enlargement/overgrowth of a muscle

Lactic acid – acid that accumulates in muscle cells functioning without oxygen

Muscular dystrophy – chronic muscle disorder; progressive weakening and wasting of skeletal or voluntary muscles

Myasthenia gravis – autoimmune disease; fatigue and exhaustion of the muscular system marked by progressive paralysis

Myoglobin – compound that stores oxygen in muscle cells

Myopathy – any disease of the muscle

Polymyositis – inflammation of several or many muscle at once

Tetany – spasms or cramps

Tonic – continuous tension

C. Abnormalities Other Terms

Amyotrophic
lateral
sclerosis – loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain stem resulting in muscle atrophy

Asthenia – lack or loss of strength or energy

Contracture – high resistance to stretching or a muscle

Rheumatism – inflammation of the connective tissue

Rheumatology – study of rheumatic conditions

Spasm – sudden, violent, involuntary contraction of muscle

Spasticity – increased tension of a muscle resulting in continuous increase of resistance to stretching

Strain – overstretching or over exertion of a muscle

Tendonitis – inflammation of a tendon

CPK – enzyme released for damaged muscles

EMG – electromyogram; recording of the changes in electrical potential of a muscle

OT – occupational therapy

PT – physical therapy

Skin
Chapter 21

A. Structural Terms

Epidermis – the uppermost/outermost layer of the skin

Dermis – layer of skin between the subcutaneous tissue and the epidermis

Subcutaneous – innermost layer of the skin

Melanin – pigment of the skin

Keratin – protein that thickens the skin

Sudoriferous
gland – gland that produces sweat

Subcutaneous
gland – gland that releases oily fluid

Follicle – sheath in which a hair grows

B. Abnormalities and Other Terms

Debriment – surgical removal of foreign and dead/dying tissue

Urticaria – condition with intensely itching welts caused by an allergic reaction (hives)

Alopecia – baldness

Hirsutism – excessive growth of hair

Nevus – mole or birthmark

Vesicle – blister

Fissure – crack

Erythema – redness of the skin

Macula – flat, discolored spot

Keloid – raised, thickened scar

Pruritis – severe itching

Ecchymosis – bruise

Petechiae – tiny, flat spots caused by bleeding in the skin

Dermatology – study of the skin and the disease of the skin

Sebum – oily secretion that lubricate the skin; produced by sebaceous glands

Dermatitis, m0 – inflammation of the skin

Integumentary
system – glands, vessels, nerves and subcutaneous layer that work together as a system

Decubitus
ulcer – “bedsore” caused from pressure preventing blood flow to an area

Albinism – absence of normal pigmentation

Plaque – small disk-shaped formation or growth

Wheal – small acute swelling of the skin

Psoriasis – chronic

Hematoma – collection of blood under the skin