A. Structural Terms

Bladder – receptacle for urine

Kidney – organ or excretion; filter blood and form urine, which contain waste products

Nephron – main working unit of the kidney

Ureter – tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder

Urethra- tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

Urinary meatus – urethra opening

B. Physiological Function Terms

Micturation – urination

Nephrology – study of the kidney and disease of the kidney

Urology – study of the urinary tract and its disease

Renal- pertaining to the kidney

C. Abnormalities

Anuresis – lack of urination

Anuria – lack of urine formation by the kidney

Azotemia – presence of urea or other nitrogenous bodies in the blood

Cystitis- inflammation of the urinary bladder usually as a result of infection

Cystocele – protrusion of the urinary bladder through a weaken vaginal wall

Dehydration – excessive loss of bodily fluids

Diabetes insipidus – metabolic disorder, marked by great thirst and a large urine output, with no excess of sugar

Dysuria- painful or difficult urination

Diuresis – increased urination

Enuresis- involuntary urination, usually at night, bed-wetting

Epispadias: congenital defect, meatus/opening of urethra at the dorsal of the penis as a groove or cleft

Glycosuria: sugar in the urine

Hematuria: blood in the urine

Hemodialysis: an artificial kidney machine that receives waste filled blood from the patient blood stream, filters it and returns the filtered blood to the patients body

Hypospadias: congenital defect in male, opening of the urethra on the underside of the penis, in the female urethra opens into the vagina

Hypovolemia: decreased blood volume

Hypervolemia: increased blood volume

Incontinence: bowel or bladder is emptied involuntary

Nephritis: inflammation of the kidney

Neurogenic bladder: condition involving nervous system in which the urge to urinate is lost

Nocturia: excessive urination at night

Pitting edema: swelling that results from fluid leaving the circulatory system and going into adjacent tissues; leaves an indentation when pressed in

Polydipsia: excessive thirst

Polyuria: excessive urination

Pyuria: presence of pus in the urine

Retention of urine: inability to expel urine from the bladder

Uremia: presence of urinary constituents in the blood

Ureterocele: sac formed when the terminal end of the ureter passes into the bladder

Urinary frequency: frequent urination, small amounts

Urinary urgency: intense urge to urinate, incontinence may result

D. Abbreviations

ADH: anti diuretic hormone

BUN: blood, urea, nitrogen (blood test)

ESRD: end stage renal disease

GU: genital urinary

IVP: intravenous pylogram (x-ray using dye)

UA: urine analysis

Reproductive System
Chapter 14

A. Structural Terms Related to Male Reproduction

B. Structural Terms Related to Female Reproduction

*Meno=month

C. Structural Terms

D. Abbreviations

BPH – Benign prostatic hyperplasia (enlarged prostate gland – noncancerous)

BSE – breast self examination

D&C – Dilation & Curettage

FSH – Follicle simulating hormone

GU – genitourinary

UG – urogenital

GYN – gynecology

IUD – intrauterine device

LH – luteinizing hormone

PID – pelvic inflammatory disease

PMS – premenstrual syndrome

PSA – prostate-specific antigen

STD – sexually transmitted disease

TURP – transurethral resection of prostate

VD – veneral disease

VDRL – veneral disease research laboratory (test for syphilis)

E. Key terms

Coitus – Sexual Intercourse

Ejaculation – ejection of semen from the male urethra

Endometrium – the innermost layer of the uterine wall, which has a rich blood supply (lining of the uterus)

Erection – the stiffening of or hardening of the penis or the clitoris, usually because of sexual excitement, which fills with blood

Gamete – sex cell; a mature reproductive cell, the spermatozoon in the male and the ovum in the female

Gonad – a sex gland; testis or ovary

Meiosis – the type of cell division that forms the gametes; it results in cells with 23 chromosomes, half the number found in other body cells

Pregnancy and Birth
Chapter 15

A. Pregnancy Terms

Amniotic
fluid/sac – the membranous sac filled with fluid that holds the fetus; also called amnion; cushions the developing fetus

Chromosome – a threadlike body in the nucleus of a cell that contains genetic information

Embryo – the stage in development between the zygote and the fetus, extending from the 2^nd to 8^th week of growth in the uterus (2^nd month)

Fertilization – the union of an ovum and a spermatozoon

Fetus – the developing child in the uterus from the 3^rd month to birth

Gene – a hereditary unit composed of DNA and combined with other genes to form the chromosomes

Gestation – the period of development from contraception to birth

Implantation – fertilized egg embeds in wall of uterus

Placenta – the organ, composed of fetal and maternal tissues, that nourishes and maintains the developing fetus

Umbilical
Cord – the structure that connects the fetus to the placenta. It contains vessels that carry blood between the mother and the fetus

Zygote – the fertilized ovum (egg)

B. Delivery and Newborn Terms

Colostrum – breast fluid that is secreted in the first few days after giving birth, before milk is produced

Fontanel – a membrane-covered space between cranial bodies in the fetus that later becomes ossified; a soft spot in the cranium

Meconium – the first feces of the newborn

Lactation – the secretion of milk from the breasts

Gravida – refers to pregnancy (how many pregnancies?)

Lochia – the mixture of blood, mucus, and tissue discharged from the uterus after childbirth

Neonate – newborn

Para – woman who has given birth; refers to child (how many live births?)

Vernix
caseosa – the cheeselike deposits that cover and protect the fetus (literally “cheesy varnish”)

C. Abnormalities, Tests, and Other Terms

Amniocentesis – transabdominal puncture of the amniotic sac to remove amniotic fluid for testing. Test on the cells and fluid obtained can reveal congenital abnormalities, blood incompability, and sex of the fetus

Candidiasis – infection with the fungus Candida, a common cause of vaginitis

Cesarean – incision of the abdominal wall and uterus for the delivery of a fetus; surgical removal of fetus from uterus

Cone
biopsy – removal of a cone of tissue from the lining of the cervix for cytological examination

Congenital – present at birth

Dilation
and
curettage
(D&C) – dilatation of cervix for…

Dysmenorrhea – painful or difficult menstruation. A common disorder that may be caused by infection, use of intrauterine device, endometriosis, overproduction of prostaglandins, or other factors

Endometriosis – growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, usually in the pelvic cavity

Engorgement – breast become excessively full of milk

Fibroid – benign tumor of smooth muscle; tumor comprised of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue

Hysterectomy – surgical removal of the uterus. Most commonly done because of tumors. Often the oviducts and ovaries are removed as well

Laparoscopy – endoscopic examination of the abdomen; may include surgical procedures, such as tubal ligation

Mammography – radiographic study of the breast for detection of breast cancer

Mastectomy – excision of the breast to eliminate malignancy

Obstetrics – the branch of medicine that treats women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium (period after birth). Usually combined with the practice of gynecology

Obstetrician – one who treats females during pregnancy, childbirth, and period after child birth

Oophorectomy – excision of an ovary

Pap smear – study of cells collected from the cervix and vagina for early detection of cancer

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) – condition caused by the spread of infection from the reproductive tract into the pelvic cavity. Commonly caused by sexually transmitted gonorrhea and Chlamydial infections

Phenylketonuria
(PKU) – lack of enzyme to metabolize an amino acid; neurologic signs, mental retardation, lack of pigment; tested for at birth; special diet can prevent retardation

Preeclampsia – a state of hypertension during pregnancy in association with oliguria, pretinuria, and edema; toxicity of pregnancy

Prolapse
of the uterus – downward displacement of the uterus with the cervix sometimes protruding from the vagina

Rectocele – herniation of the rectum into the wall of the vagina

Salpingectomy – surgical removal of the oviduct (fallopian tube)

Salpingitis – inflammation of the oviducts (fallopian tube)

Speculum – an instrument used to enlarge the opening of a passage or cavity for examination

Tubal
ligation – surgical constriction of the oviducts to produce sterilization

Vaginitis – inflammation of the vagina

Endocrine System
Chapter 16

A. Structural Terms

Adrenals – endocrine gland located above the kidney that produce cortical hormones and medullary hormones; also called suprarenals

Hypothalamus – part of the brain that controls the pituary gland and maintains homeostasis

Ovaries – female sex organ; produces estrogen and progesterone

Pancreas – produces digestive enzymes and hormones

Parathyroids – glands that regulates calcium levels

Pituary – gland located in the brain, produces hormone that controls other endocrine glands

Testes – male external genitalia; produces sperm and testosterone

Thalamus – part of the brain that serves as a relay center for sensory impulses going to the cerebral ….

Thymus – gland in chest that affects immunity

Thyroid –
gland located in neck regulates the rate of metabolism

B. Physiological Terms

Adrenaline – neurotransmitter and hormone, released from the adrenal glands (epinephrine)

Cortisol – hormone produced by the adrenal gland

Endocrine glands – gland that secrete directly into the bloodstream

Exocrine glands – refers to a gland that secretes through a duct

Hormone – secretion of endocrine gland, messenger that has a regulating effect on other glands

Insulin – produced by pancreas, regulates blood sugar

Iodine – element in thyroid hormone

Acromegaly – condition caused by excessive growth hormone in adults

Addison’s
Disease – disease of the adrenal cortex; deficiency of cortical hormones

Adenoma – benign tumor with gland-like structure

Cretinism – condition resulting from 2727 congenital lack of thyroid secretions; arrested physical and mental development

Cushing’s
Disease/syndrome – opposite of Addison’s Disease; excess of adrenal…

Diabetes – disease characterized by insufficient insulin, disorder of sugar metabolism

Endocrinology – study of endocrine system and disease

Goiter – enlargement of the thyroid gland

Hypothyroidism – low production of the thyroid hormone

Ketosis – condition characterized by abnormally elevated concentration of ketone bodies in blood or body fluids

Steroid – hormone made of lipids from the sex glands and adrenal glands

Nervous System
Chapter 17

A. Structural Terms

Afferent – refers to movement towards

Axon– part of the neuron that carries the impulse away from the cell body

Cerebral
cortex – thin outer layer of gray matter on surface of the brain

Central nervous system (CNS) – brain and spinal cord

Cerebral
spinal
fluid – fluid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord

Cranial
nerves – carry impulses to and from the brain

Dendrite – branches of the neuron that take messages toward the cell body

Grey
matter – nervous tissue composed of unmyelinated fibers

Lobes – divisions of the brain

Meninges – membranes covering the brain and spinal cord

Nerves – bundle of neuron fibers outside the CNS

Neuron – a nerve cell… page 455

Neurotransmitter – chemical released into the space between 2 neurons to transmit energy across a synapse

Peripheral
nervous
system – all nerves outside of CNS

Spinal
cord – cable of nervous tissue leading directly into the brain
*if one has damage from the top of the spinal cord, most of the functions are paralyzed; however, if there is damage in the middle there is paralysis from the waist down

Spinal nerves – carry messages to and from the spine

Synapse – junction between 2 neurons

Ventricle – cavity in brain through which CSF flows and where it is produced

White
matter – nervous tissue composed of myelinated fibers
*note: opposite of gray matter

B.
Structural
Terms

Efferent – refers to movement away from

Parasympathetic
nervous
system – part of PNS; relaxed state

Reflex – action or movement in response to a stimulus; involuntary activity

Sympathetic
nervous
system – part of PNS; excited state

C.
Abnormalities
and
Other
Terms

Aphasia – lack of speech communication

Ataxia – lack of muscle coordination

Catatomia – unresponsive state

Coma – state of unconsciousness from which a person cannot be aroused

Convulsion – violent involuntary contraction or series of contractions of the voluntary muscle

CVA – cerebral vascular accident; acute ischemic stroke

EEG – study of the electrical activity of the brain

Epilepsy – disturbance of electrical activity in brain causing seizures and loss of consciousness (seizure disorders) *cause is still unknown; may be due to trauma, heredity, temperature, or unknown

Hemiplegia – paralysis of one side of the body

Hydrocephalus – abnormal accumulation of fluid in the cranial vault resulting in enlargement of the head *this results in brain damage, which can vary (starts as a baby); the children are tube fed, most are ward of the state

LP – lumbar puncture, spinal tap, withdrawal CSF fluid for analysis

Mania – mental disorder characterized by hyperirritability and increased motor activity: obsession

Meningioma – tumor of the meninges

C. Abnormalities and Other Terms

Meningitis –

MS – multiple sclerosis, progressive nervous disease w/ loss of myelin and hardening of tissue

Neurology – study of the nervous system and diseases

Neurologist – physician who cares for problems of the nervous system

Paralysis – loss of movement in a part

Paranoia – delusions of being persecuted

Paraplegia – paralysis of the legs and lower part of the body

Parkinson’s disease – degeneration of nerves, occurring later in life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles and slowness of movement

Psychosis – mental disorder characterized by loss of contact with reality
*Neurosis means you are still functional

Quadriplegia – paralysis of both sides of the body, all four extremities

Seizure – sudden burst of electrical activity from the brain, results in involuntary muscle tremors, twitching, contractions

Shingles – infected with Herpes Zoster
*cold sores is in stressful times

Subdural
hematoma – collection of blood below the dura

Tremor – involuntary trembling or quivering

Senses
Chapter 18

A. Types

Accommodation – changes in the eye for near and far vision

Auditory – pertaining to the sense of hearing

Gestation – act of tasting or the sense of taste

Olfaction – sense of smell

Proprioception – awareness of body positions

Refraction – bending of the light rays by the cornea, lens and fluids of the eye to bring the ray into focus on the retina
*optometrist tests this

Tactile – pertaining to the sense of touch

Aqueous
humor – fluid filling the space anterior to the lens in the eyeball
*vitreous humor – jelly-like material

Conjunctiva – membrane that lines and protects the eyelid

Cornea – transparent covering of the front of the eye

Eyelid – upper and lower movable folds that protects the anterior surface of the eye

Forvea
centralis – area of clearest vision

Iris – colored part of the eye; regulates the amount of light that enters by altering the pupil size

Lacrimal – pertaining to tears

Lens – structure in the eye that refracts light; it is elastic to allow for near and far vision

Optic
disc – region at the back of the eye where the optic nerve meets the retina. The blind spot of the eye, contains only nerve fibers no cones or rods

Pupil – opening in the center of the iris for the transmission of light

Retina – innermost layer of the eyeball

Sciera – white part of the eye, though outer covering

Viterous
humor – jelly-like substance that fills back 2/3 of the eyeball; gives eyeball shape

EAR

Cochlea – organ of hearing, resembles a snail in shape

Eustachian
tube – auditory tube connecting middle ear cavity to the throat, equalizes pressure, auditory canal

Labyrinth – inner ear

***Organ of corti – auditory

***Pinna – projecting part of the ear lying outside of the head

Stapes, incus, maleolus (ossicles) – small bones of the ear that transmit sound waves

Tympanic
membrane – the scientific name for the eardrum

EYE

Accommodation –

Convergence – coordinated movement of the eyes toward fixation of the same near point

Ophthalmologist – a specialist in the study and treatment of visual disorders

Ophthalmology – the study of the eye and its diseases

Refraction – deviation of light in passing through mediums of different density

EAR

Audiologist – person skilled in audiology

Audiology – the study of hearing: treatment of patients with hearing impairment

Cerum – ear wax *blocks inner ear from infection

Abnormalities and Other Terms

Acoustic
neuroma – tumor associated with the ear that grows from a nerve

Astigmatism – defective curvature of the cornea or lens in the eye, preventing sharp distinct focusing of images

Cataract – clouding of the lens, causing decreased vision

Conjunctivitis – inflammation of the conjunctiva/membrance that lines the eyelids
*eyelashes are stuck; pink eye; highly contagious

Diabetic retinopathy – non-inflammatory disease of the retina as a result of diabetes; retinal hemorrhages occur

Glaucoma – increased intraocular pressure in the eye

Hyperalgesia – extreme sensitivity to painful stimuli

Hyperopia – farsightedness

Myopia – nearsightedness

Nystagmus – rapid, involuntary movement of the eyeball

OD – right eye

OS – left eye

OU – both eyes

Otitis
media – inflammation of the ear

Parathesia – abnormalities in skin sensations

Prebyacusis – progressive hearing loss occurring with age

Presbyopia – impairment of vision, “old eye”

Retinal
detachment – retina looseness from interior of the eye

Tinnitus – a noise in the ears, ringing of the ears

Vertigo – dizziness

Electronystagmography – recorded eye movement by means of electrical responses

Electroretinography – recording in the changes in electrical potential in the retina after stimulation by light

Enuclueation – removal of the eyeball

Mydriatic – dilating the pupil; any drug that dilates the pupil

Otoscope – instrument for inspecting the ear

Retinoscope – instrument for examining the retina

Tonometer – instrument for measuring tension or pressure; measures intraocular pressure

The Skeleton System
Chapter 19

A. Structural Terms

Appendicular
Skeleton – framework for the extremities and shoulders and hips

Axial
skeletal – framework for the head and the trunk

Collagen – protein in bone

Diaphysis – central shaft of long bones

Epiphyseal plate – growth region of a long bone

Epiphysis – irregular ends of long bones

Joint – place of union between 2 or more bones

Ossification – bone formation

Osteoblasts – active young cells that produce bone tissue, bone building cells

Osteoclast – cells that destroy (breakdown) bone tissue

Osteocytes – osteoblasts that has become embedded within the bone matrix, mature bone cell that nourishes and maintains bone tissue

Osteogenisis – formation of bone

Periosteum – tissue that covers bone

Red
Marrow – found in ends of long bones and center of other bones, manufactures blood cells

Resorption – process where bone is broken down

Suture – immovable joint

Symphysis – slightly movable joint

Synovial – pertaining to a thick lubricating fluid found in joints

Synovial
fluid – lubricating fluid in the joint

Vertebrae – bones of the spinal column

Yellow
Marrow – found in central cavities of long bones, mostly fat

Abnormalities, Therapies, Other Terms

Ankylosis – abnormal immobility and consolidation of a point

Ankylosis spondylitis – inflammation of the vertebrae, with a bending of crookedness resulting with rheumatoid …

Arthritis – inflammation of a joint

Arthroscopy – looking into the interior of a joint with a scope

Articulation – refers to a joint

Condyl – rounded projection of a bone

Chondrosarcoma – cartilaginous tumor that grows rapidly

Degenerative Joint disease = osteoarthritis: joints degenerating

Foramen – hole that allows a vessel or nerve to pass through or between bones

Fossa – a depression on a bone surface

Fracture – break or rupture of a bone

Gout – a disease of joints due to excessive uric acid; attacks of acute arthritis and chalky deposits in joints

Herniated
disc – disc in spinal column herniates/protrudes through a defect

Laminectomy – excision of part of the vertebrae

Myelogram – x-ray of the spine

Osteoarthritis – chronic multiple degenerative joint disease

Osteomalacia – softening of the bones: painful & tender

Osteomyelitis – inflammation of the bone and bone marrow

Orthopedics – the study of bones and bone disorders

Osteoporosis – loss of bone mass

Paget’s Disease – disease of the elderly; thickening and softening of bones, bowing of long bones

Prosthesis – an artificial substitute for a missing body part

Reduction
of a fracture – realignment of bones that have been manufactured

Rheumatoid
arthritis – disease with inflammation of connective tissue of muscle and joints, painful movements

Rickets – bending and distortion of the bones due to lack of Vitamin D

Scoliosis – sideways curvature of the spine

Sciatica – pain along the course of the sciatic nerve; paresthesia of the thigh and leg

Traction – act of drawing together; device used for the treatment of broken bones

Tubercle – rounded projection on a bone

Muscular System
Chapter 20

A. Structural and Function of Terms

Abduction – movement away from the midline

Actin – protein in muscle responsible for contraction and relaxation

Adduction – movement toward the midline

Antagonist –produces an opposite movement that the prime mover, when the prime mover contracts the antagonist relaxes

Circumduction – circular movement of a limb or eye

Contraction – shortening or development of tension in a muscle

Eversion – a turning outward

Extension – straightening motion increasing angle between two bones

Fascia – band or sheet of connective tissue

Flexion – bending motion that decreases the angle between two bones

Insertion – end of muscle attached to a movable part

Inversion – a turning inward

Involuntary – not moved willingly, unable to control the movement

Isometric – muscle contraction with no change in muscle length but it increases in muscle tension

Isotonic – muscle contraction where tone stays the same but muscle shortens to produce movement

Kinetic – pertaining to movement

Ligaments – band of tissue that connect bones (bone to bone)

Myosin – protein in muscle responsible for contraction and relaxation

Origin – end of a muscle attached to a non-movement part

Rotation -movement around an axis

Smooth
muscle – make up walls of hollow body organs, blood vessels and respiratory passage; involuntary movements

Striated
muscle – skeletal muscles; voluntary movements

Tendons – fibrous cord by which the muscle is attached (muscles to bone)

Tonus – steady state of partial contraction of muscle

Voluntary muscle – movement at will; can control the movement

B. Abnormalities and Other Terms

Ataxia – lack of muscle coordination

Atrophy – wasting of tissue; loss of muscle mass

Clonic – rapid spasms alternating between rigidity and relaxation

Electromyopathy – recording changes in electrical potential of muscle by means of surface electrodes

Hypertrophy – enlargement/overgrowth of a muscle

Lactic acid – acid that accumulates in muscle cells functioning without oxygen

Muscular dystrophy – chronic muscle disorder; progressive weakening and wasting of skeletal or voluntary muscles

Myasthenia gravis – autoimmune disease; fatigue and exhaustion of the muscular system marked by progressive paralysis

Myoglobin – compound that stores oxygen in muscle cells

Myopathy – any disease of the muscle

Polymyositis – inflammation of several or many muscle at once

Tetany – spasms or cramps

Tonic – continuous tension

C. Abnormalities Other Terms

Amyotrophic
lateral
sclerosis – loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain stem resulting in muscle atrophy

Asthenia – lack or loss of strength or energy

Contracture – high resistance to stretching or a muscle

Rheumatism – inflammation of the connective tissue

Rheumatology – study of rheumatic conditions

Spasm – sudden, violent, involuntary contraction of muscle

Spasticity – increased tension of a muscle resulting in continuous increase of resistance to stretching

Strain – overstretching or over exertion of a muscle

Tendonitis – inflammation of a tendon

CPK – enzyme released for damaged muscles

EMG – electromyogram; recording of the changes in electrical potential of a muscle

OT – occupational therapy

PT – physical therapy

Skin
Chapter 21

A. Structural Terms

Epidermis – the uppermost/outermost layer of the skin

Dermis – layer of skin between the subcutaneous tissue and the epidermis

Subcutaneous – innermost layer of the skin

Melanin – pigment of the skin

Keratin – protein that thickens the skin

Sudoriferous
gland – gland that produces sweat

Subcutaneous
gland – gland that releases oily fluid

Follicle – sheath in which a hair grows

B. Abnormalities and Other Terms

Debriment – surgical removal of foreign and dead/dying tissue

Urticaria – condition with intensely itching welts caused by an allergic reaction (hives)

Alopecia – baldness

Hirsutism – excessive growth of hair

Nevus – mole or birthmark

Vesicle – blister

Fissure – crack

Erythema – redness of the skin

Macula – flat, discolored spot

Keloid – raised, thickened scar

Pruritis – severe itching

Ecchymosis – bruise

Petechiae – tiny, flat spots caused by bleeding in the skin

Dermatology – study of the skin and the disease of the skin

Sebum – oily secretion that lubricate the skin; produced by sebaceous glands

Dermatitis, m0 – inflammation of the skin

Integumentary
system – glands, vessels, nerves and subcutaneous layer that work together as a system

Decubitus
ulcer – “bedsore” caused from pressure preventing blood flow to an area

Albinism – absence of normal pigmentation

Plaque – small disk-shaped formation or growth

Wheal – small acute swelling of the skin

Psoriasis – chronic

Hematoma – collection of blood under the skin

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Circulation
Chapter 9

A. Structural Terms

Aorta- the largest artery

Artery – vessel tat carries oxygenated blood (red)

Atrium – entrance chamber. One of two receiving chambers of the heart

Capillary – vessel through which materials are exchanged between blood and tissues

Pulmonary artery – carries DEOXYGENATED blood from heart to lungs IT IS THE ONLY ARTERY THAT CARRIES DEOXYGENATED BLOOD.

Pulmonary vein – carries OXYGENATED blood from heart to heart

Valve – structure that keeps blood from flowing forward

Vena Cava – The two large veins that collect blood returning from all parts of the body and return it to the heart (right atrium) The inferior vena cava brings blood from the lower half of the body; and the superior vena cava brings blood from the upper half.

Ventricle – one of two lower pumping chambers of the heart

Vessel – channel for carrying fluid, such as blood or lymph

Intraventricular septum – structure that divides the heart into right and left sections

Endocardium – inner layer or lining of the heart

Myocardium – middle layer or muscle of the heart

Epicardium – outer most layer of the heart

B. Physiological Terms

Blood pressure – force exerted by blood flowing against the wall of a vessel

Diastole – relaxation phase of the heart cycle

Heart sounds – sounds made by valves closing in the heart; the “lub-dub”

Perfusion – passage of blood through vessels

Pulse – expansion and contraction of an artery which may be felt w/ the finger

Systole – the contraction phase of the heart cycle

Vasoconstriction – narrowing of a blood vessel

Vasodilatation – widening of a blood vessel

C. Abnormalities

Aneurysm – sac formed by the weakening and dilation of the walls of an artery or vein and is filled with blood

Angina pectoris – pain resulting from lack of blood supply to the myocardium or heart muscle

Atherosclerosis – narrowing of the lumen of an artery due to fat deposits

Congenital heart disease – disease or malformation of the heart that one is born with

Cyanosis – bluish discoloration of skin due to lack of oxygen

Diaphoresis – profuse sweating

Edema – abnormal amounts of fluid in intercellular tissue spaces of the body

Hypotension – low blood pressure

Hypertension (HTN) – high blood pressure

Infarction – death of cardiac tissue due to lack of oxygen

Ischemia – deficiency of oxygenated blood supply to the body parts

Embolism/embolus – dot that breaks loose and travels a smaller vessel and lodges there causing a blockage

Murmer – swishing sound heard with the heart sounds

Occlusion – blockage of vessel

Phlebitis – inflammation of the vein

Septicemia – presence of bacterial toxins in the blood

Shock – condition of acute peripheral circulatory failure

Stroke – death of brain tissue due to lack of oxygenated blood

Syn Cope – temporary loss of consciousness due to insufficient oxygenated blood to the brain

Thrombosis/thrombus – a clot or plug in a blood vessel

Varicose vein – unnaturally swollen vein

Cardiac Terms:

Angioplasty – an insertion of a balloon device into the coronary artery to crush the plaque build up: opens lumen of artery

Arrhythmia – any variation from the normal heart rhythm

Bradycardia – abnormally slow heart rate

Cardioversion – application of electrical current to change the rhythm of the heart; current delivered in synch with the heartbeat

Electrocardiography – an instrument used to record the electrical activity of the heart, makes a recording on paper

Tachycardia – abnormally fast heart rate

Blood and Immunity
Chapter 10

A. Key terms

Antibody – A protein produced in the immune system in response to and interacting specifically with an antigen, bacteria, or virus

Antigen – foreign protein that initiates the production of an antibody

Hematology – the study of blood and blood disease

Hemoglobin – The iron-containing pigment in the red blood cells that transports oxygen

Immunology – Study of the immune system

Lymphocyte – Monecular leukocyte that produces antibodies

pH – Measure of relative acidity

Plasma – water portion of blood (90% water) is 55% of blood; contains proteins, salts, nutrients, hormones, and vitamins

Platelets – A formed element of blood that is active in homeostasis; a thrombocyte; clumps at site of injury to prevent bleeding and facilitate clotting

RBC – red blood cell count: # of red blood cells per cubic mm of blood ; erythrocyte

WBC – white blood cells: # of white blood cells per cubic mm of blood

B. Abnormalities/Disorders

Anemia – deficiency in the amount of hemoglobin or # of RBC’s in the blood

Anaphylic reaction – an exaggerated allergic reaction to a foreign substance

Ecchymosis – bruise; a collection of blood under the skin caused by a leakage from small vessels

Hematoma – collection of clotted blood resulting from an injury

Hemophilia – a hereditary blood disease of unknown cause that involves the lymph nodes, etc.; lack of protein substances factor VIII or factor VIX

Hemorrhage – profuse flow of blood

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) – the virus that causes AIDS

Inflammation – An increase in cancerous blood cells. Malignant leukocytes fill the marrow and blood

Lymphoma – Any neoplastic disease of lymphoid tissue, such as Burkat disease, Hodgkin disease and others

Purpura – Multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulates of blood under the skin

Urticaria – A skin reaction consisting of round, raised eruptions (wheels) w/ itching; hives – acute allergic reaction in which red ,round wheels develop in the skin

AIDS – Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome – syndrome associated with suppression of the immunity system and marked by infections

Lymphatic System Structural Terms

Lymph – the thin plasma-like fluid that drains from the tissue and is transported in lymphatic vessels

Lymph node – A small mass of lymphoid tissue along the path of a lymphatic vessel that filters WBCs

Tonsil – small masses of lymphoid tissue located in the region of the throat

Placque – deposits of fatty material on a vessel wall that impedes

Respiration
Chapter 11

A. Structural Terms

Nares – the external openings of the nose; the nostrils

Larynx – the enlarged upper end of the trachea that contains the vocal cords

Pharynx – the throat; a common passageway for food entering the esophagus and air entering the larynx

Trachea – the air passageway that extends from the larynx to the bronchi

Bronchus – one of the larger air passageways in the lungs. The bronchi begin as 2 branches of the trachea and then subdivide within the lungs

Bronchiole – one of the smaller subdivisions of the bronchial tubes

Alveoli – Small sac in lung where gas exchange occurs

Diaphragm – Major muscle of respiration located below the ribs

Lungs – coned-shaped spongy organs of respiration contained within the thorax

Mediastinum – the space \between the lungs together with the organs contained in this space

B. Physiological Terms

Oxygen (O₂) – The gas needed by cells to release energy from food in metabolism

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) – gaseous waste product

Pulse Oximetry – a device that measures the amount of saturated hemoglobin in the tissue capillaries

Sputum – mucous, matter ejected by coughing or clearing the throat

Ventilation – The movement of air into and out of the lungs

C. Abnormalities

Acidosis – abnormal acidity of body fluids

Alkalosis – abnormal alkalinity of body fluids

Aspiration – inhalation of foreign bodies into the lungs

Atelectasis – collapse of the whole lung or part of the lung

Bronchitis – Inflammation of the bronchus

Dyspnea – difficulty breathing

Hemoptysis – the spitting of blood from the mouth or respiratory tract

Hypoxia – decrease in oxygen in tissues

Hypoventilation – Decreased rate and depth of breathing; decrease in the amount of air entering the alveoli

Hyperventilation –Increased rate and depth of breathing; increase in the amount of air entering the alveoli

Pneumonia – Inflammation of the lungs generally caused by infection

Pneumothorax – accumulation of air or gas in the pleural space. May result from injury or disease or may be produced artificially to collapse a lung

Pulmonary – pertaining to the respiratory tract or disease

Stridor – A harsh, high-pitched sound caused by obstruction of an upper air passageway

Tuberculosis (TB) – an infectious disease caused by tubercle bacillus, mycobacterium tuberculosis. Often involves the lungs but may involve other parts of the body as well

Wheeze – a whistling or sighing sound caused by narrowing of a respiratory passageway

D. Abbreviations

ABG’S – Arterial blood gas(es)

COPD – Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CXR – Chest X-ray

IPB – Intermittent positive pressure breathing

LLL – Left lower lobe (of lung)

LUL – Left upper lobe (of lung)

RLL – Right lower lobe (of lung)

RML – Right middle lobe (of lung)

RUL – Right upper lobe (of lung)

URI – Upper respiratory infection

Drugs
Chapter 8

A. Types of Drugs

Analgesic – alleviates pain

Anesthetics – reduces or eliminates sensation; blocks nerves to inhibit feeling “numb”

Antiarrythmics – eliminates abnormal heart beats/rhythm

Antibiotics – kills bacteria

Anticoagulant – prevents coagulation and formation of blood cells

Antiemetic – relieves symptoms of nausea and prevents vomiting; relieves nausea

Antihistamine – reduces secretion of cells, drying effect; prevents responses needed by histane; allergic inflammatory reactions

Antihypertensive – lower blood pressure by reducing cardiac output, dilating vessels or preventing excretion of water by the kidneys

Anti-inflammatory – counteracts inflammation and swelling

Antittusive – suppresses cough

Antipyretic – reduces temperature

Bronchodilator – Drug that relieves bronchial spasm & widens

Chemotherapy – destroys cancer cells/abnormal cells

Diuretic – causes urination

Expectorant – cough inducer

Hypnotic – induces sleep or dulls the senses

Sedative – induces relaxation; soothes or calms

B. Terms Describing Action

Antineoplastic – destroys cancer cells

Chronotropic – acts as the rate of muscle contraction

Hemolytic – destroys blood cells

Inotropic – acting on force of muscle contraction

Vasomotor – changes diameter of vessel

C. Terms Concerned with Drug Administration

Times:

BID – twice a day

TID – three times a day

QID – four times a day

STAT – immediately

Routes:

Aerosol – inhaling

IM – intramuscular

IV – intravenous

po – big mouth

sublingual – under the tongue

subq – subcutaneous

topical – placed on top or rubber into skin

ung – ointment

Equipment terms

Ampule – small glass container that the top is broken off to remove medications

IV – intravaneous: medicine and fluids administered through a needle/catheter

Syringe – device in which medicine is drawn into, needle is placed on hub, medicine is than injected

Tab – tablets

Vial – small bottle with self-sealing cap, multiple medication does may be drawn out w/ a syringe

Digestion
Chapter 12

A. Structural Terms

Oral cavity – mouth

Esophagus – muscular tube from mouth to stomach;

Stomach/gastric – muscular organ digestion that receive fluid from esophagus

Duodenum – first portion of the small intestine

Jejunum – middle portion of the small intestine

Ileum – last portion of the small intestine

Colon – large intestine

Anus – opening to the outside of the body from the distal end of the large intestine

Gallbladder – small sac under the liver, stores bile

Pancreas – organ under the stomach, produces digestive enzyme and insulin

B. Physiological Function Terms

Mastication – act of chewing

Deglutition – act of swallowing

Digestion – process of breaking down feed into absorbable particles from complex fluids to symptoms

Feces – solid waste, stool, bowel movement

Defacation – passage of feces from body through the anus

C. Abnormalities

Aphagia – unable to swallow

Cachexia – general ill health and malnutrition

Caries – cavities

Emesis – vomit

Flatus/flatulence – gas expelled from anus

Hemorrhoid – a varicose dilation of a vein in the rectal area

Ileus – intestinal obstruction

Melena –blood in the stool

D. Abbreviations

BE – barium enema

BM – bowel movement

GI – gastrointestinal

NG – nasal gastric

N&V – nausea & vomiting

TPN – total parental nutrition

UGI – upper gastrointestinal

Root – Foundation of term, establishes meaning.

Suffix – short word part or series of parts added at the end of a root to modify meaning. Word ending.

Prefix
– short word part added before a root to modify its meaning. Word beginning.

Suffixes
Chapter2

A. Suffixes that mean “condition of”

-ia Anemia: deficiency of hemoglobin or RBC

-ism Alcoholism

-sis Stenosis: narrowing

-y Tetany: sustained muscle contraction

B. Suffixes for Medical Specialist

-ian specialist in the field of study Physician

-iatrics medical specialty Geriatrics

-iatry medical specialty Psychiatry

-ics medical specialty Obstetrics

-ist specialist in the field of study Nephrologists

-logy study of Dermatology

C. Adjective suffixes that are descriptive/pertaining to

-ac cardiac: pertains to the heart

-al skeletal: pertains to the skeleton

-ar muscular: pertains to the muscles

-ary dietary: pertains to diet

-form muciform: pertains to mucus

-ic cephalic: pertains to the head

-ical anatomical: pertains to anatomy

-ile febrile: pertains to fever

-ous venous: pertains to the veins

D. Plural Endings

Prefixes
Chapter 3

Prefix: short word part added before to modify meaning. Word beginning.

A. Prefixes for numbers

prim/i- first

mon/o- one

uni- one

hemi- half; one sided

semi- half; partial

bi- two, twice

di- two, twice

dipl/o- double

tri- three

quadr/i- four

tetra- four

multi- many

poly- many, much

B. Prefixes for colors

cyan/o – blue

erythr/o – red

leuk/o – white, colorless

C. Negative prefixes

D. Pertaining to direction

E. Prefix for degree

F. Prefixes for size and comparison

G. Pertaining to time and/or position

Cells, Tissues, Organs
Chapter 4

A. Suffixes and Roots for Body Chemistry

B. Key Terms

ATP- energy compound of the cell; stores energy for cell activities

Atrophy- wasting away, decrease in

Carbohydrate- organic compound that includes sugar and starch

Celia- hair like process attached to free surface of cells, helps with movement

Cell- basic unit of tissue

Chromosome- threadlike body in the nucleus of the cell containing genetic material

Cytoplasm- fluid filling cell

DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid: genetic compound that makes up genes

Enzyme- organic substance that speeds the rate of metabolic reactions

Gene- heredity unit composed of DNA

Genesis- beginning; generation of

Glucose- simple sugar, energy source of metabolism

Homeostasis- a steady state, condition of internal stability; balance

Histology- study of tissue

Lipid- category of organic compounds that includes fats

Metabolism-
Sum of all physical and chemical reactions that occur within an organism

Mitosis- cell division

Mucous- thick fluid secreted by cells in membranes and glands that lubricate and protect tissues.

Nucleus- control center of the cell

Organ- group of tissues that work together for a specific function

Protein- category of organic compounds that includes structural materials, enzymes and some hormones

RNA- ribonucleic acid: organic compound that manufactures protein

Tissue- a group of cells working together for a specific purpose

C. Supplementary Terms

Amino Acids- nitrogen containing compounds that make compounds up

Anabolism- building phase of metabolism

Catabolism- the type of metabolism in which substances are broken down for energy and simple sugars

Collagen- fibrous protein forming connective tissue

Cortex- the outer portion of an organ

Cytology- study of the cells

Dehydrate- to remove water

Extracellular- outside of a cell

Glycogen- complex sugar compound stored in liver and muscle, broken down into glucose when needed for energy

Hyperglycemia- high blood sugar

Hypoglycemia- low blood sugar

Hypertrophy- enlargement or overgrowth of an organ or part

Intracellular- within a cell

Interstitial- between parts, such as space between cells in a tissue

Morphology- study of the form and structure of living beings

Medulla- inner region of an organ

Parietal- pertaining to the cells of a cavity

Visceral- pertains to internal organs

Body Structure
Chapter 5

A. Anatomical Directions

Anterior (ventral)- nearer to or toward the front of the body

Posterior (dorsal)- nearer to or toward the back of the body

Medial- toward the middle of the body

Lateral- toward the side of the body

Proximal- near the origin or point of attachment

Distal- far or distant from the origin or point of attachment

Superior- above, uppermost

Inferior- below, lowermost

Cephalad (cranial)- toward the head

Caudal- toward the (tail) lower end of the spine

B. Prefixes Pertaining to Position and Direction

Circum- around

Peri- around

Intra- within

Epi- on/upon

Extra- outside of

Infra- beneath

Sub- under

Inter- between

Para- near, beside, beyond

Retro- behind/backward

Supra- above

C. Body Regions

LUQ- Left Upper Quadrant of abdomen

RUQ – Right Upper Quadrant of abdomen

LLQ – Left Lower Quadrant of abdomen

RLQ – Right Lower Quadrant of abdomen

D. Key Terms

Axillary- pertaining to the armpit

Cephalic – pertaining to the head

Digit- finger or toe

Epigastric- middle region of the abdomen

Fundus- base or body of hallow organ

Intra-abdominal- within abdomen

Lumen- central opening within a tube or vessel

Meatus- a passage or opening

Orifice- opening of a cavity

Phalangeal- pertaining to the finger or toe

Recumbent- lying down

Septum- a wall diving two cavities

Sinus- a cavity, as within a bone

Sphincter- a circular muscle that regulates an opening

Superficial- pertaining to the surface

Ventral- pertaining to the abdomen

Cervic/o- pertaining to the neck

E. Body Positions

Lateral- pertaining to a side

Prone- laying with face downward

Supine- laying on back face upward

F. Key Terms

Infra- beneath

Inter- between

Ped/o- pertaining to the feet

Lapar/o- pertaining to flank, sometimes abdomen

Lumb/o- pertaining to the loin, back between the thorax and the pelvis

Disease
Chapter 6

Abscess- localized collection of pus

Acute- disease having a SHORT and relatively severe course

Adhesion- pertaining to STICKING together

Benign- not malignant, not recurring

Chronic- a disease pertaining over a long period of time

Cyanosis- blue discoloration of the skin

Cyst- fluid-filled sac or pouch

Dilation- widening

Dysfunction- abnormality in the function of an organ or part

Dysplasia- abnormal development of tissue

Edema- swelling in the tissue, retention of fluid and salt

Etiology- study of the cause of disease

Febrile- pertaining to fever

Fistula- abnormal passage between two organs

Fracture- break/rapture in the bone

Hernia- abnormal protrusion of an organ

Idiopathic- CAUSE UNKNOWN

Inflammation- reaction to injury; results in heat, pain, redness, swelling

Lesion- any deformity of the tissue

Lithiasis- condition of having a stone

Lysis- separation, destruction

Malacia- softening

Malignant- tending to become progressively worse, RESULTING IN DEATH

Megaly-ENLARGEMENT of tissue or part

Metastasis-spread of tumor to other body parts

Necrosis- DEATH OF TISSUE

Neoplasm- tumor

Nosocomial- an infection acquired in a HEALTH CARE FACILITY

Opportunistic-organism infecting when body defenses are low

Parasite-organism living in or obtaining nourishment from another organism

Pathogen-any microorganism capable of producing disease

Polyp-A tumor attached by a thin stalk

Prolapse- dropping, downward displacement, ptosis

Purulent- forming or containing pus

Pyrogen- substance producing fever; HEAT

Pus- A product of inflammation consisting of fluid and white blood cells

Sclerosis- hardening of tissue

Sepsis- the presence of harmful microorganisms or their toxins in the blood or other tissues

Spasm- sudden contraction, cramp

Stasis- suppression, stoppage

Sequelae- lasting effect of the disease

Stenosis- narrowing, constriction

Symptom-Any evidence of disease

Syndrom-set of signs and symptoms that occur together to indicate a disease or condition

Systematic-affecting the body as a whole

Toxin-poison

Trauma-wound or injury

B. Prefixes for Disease

Brady-slow

Dys- abnormal, painful

Mal- bad, poor

Tachy- fast

Baterio- bacterium

Cele- hernia, localized dilation

Rhage- bursting forth, profuse flow

Rhea-flow, discharge

Viro- virus

Carcin/o- pertaining to cancer

C. Added Words

myc/o: pertaining to fungus

oma: tumor or neoplasm

pathy: denotes a morbid condition or disease

py/o: denotes pus

pyr/o: pertaining to heat

sclera/o: hard

tox/o: pertaining to toxin or poison

vir/o: pertaining to viruses

DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT: SURGERY
Chapter 7

A. Surgical Terms: Suffixes

Centesis- puncture, tap; puncture to remove fluids from cavity

Ectomy- excision of organ or part; surgical removal

Pexy- surgical fixation

Plasty- plastic repair, plastic surgery, reconstruction

Rhaphy- surgical repair, suture; suturing to repair structure or defect

Stomy- surgical creation of an opening

Tomy- incision, cutting; to cut into

Tripsy- surgical crushing

B. Equipment:

Cathether- tubular instrument for withdrawing fluids from a cavity of the body

Drain- device for allowing matter to escape from around a cavity; appliance that allows for drainage of a wound

Endoscope- An instrument for examining the interior of a hallow structure

Ligature- A tie or bandage; thread or wire for tying a vessel

Opthalmoscope- an instrument for examining the interior of the eye

Stethoscope – instrument used to listen to body sounds

Suture – to stitch

Thermometer – instrument of measuring temperature

C. Assessment Techniques

Ausculation- listening for sounds within the body, usually within the chest or abdomen

Diagnosis- the process of determining the cause and nature of an illness

Observation/inspection- usual examination of the body; look

Palpation- to feel with the hands or fingers

Percussion- to tap the body lightly with the hand or instrument

Prognosis- prediction of the outcome of the disease

Sign- an objective evidence of disease that can be observed or tested

Staging- periods distinct phase in the course of the disease

Symptom- any evidence of disease

Syndrom- a group of signs and symptoms that together characterize a disease or condition

D. Procedural Terms

Biopsy- removal of tissue for microscopic examination for purpose of diagnosis

Cautery- destruction of tissue by discharging agent, such as a harmful chemical, host, or electric current;

Computed tomography (Cat Scan)- a diagnostic imaging method in which x-ray measurements from many angles are combined in an image. (3D)

Excision- removal by cutting

Fluoroscopy- use of x-rays to examine deep structures; the shadows cast by x-rays passes through the body are observed on a fluorescent screen; device used is fluoroscope

Incision- to cut open, to cut through

Magnetic resonance (MRI)- production of images through the use of a magnetic field and radio waves

Radiography- use of x-rays to produce a picture (radiograph) on sensitized film

Resection- partial excision of a structure or organ

Stapling- in surgery, the joining of tissue by using wire staples that are pushed through the tissue then bent

E. Procedures (Examples)

Arthroplasty- Partial or total replacement of a joint with a prosthesis

Colostomy- creation of an opening into the colon

Cystoscopy- looking into the bladder through a scope

Gastrectomy- surgical removal of the stomach

Laparatomy- cutting or incision through the abdominal wall; to examine and operate into the organs

Pericentesis- puncture of abdominal wall to remove fluid

Thoracentesis- Surgical puncture of the chest for removal of air or fluids, such as may accumulate after surgery or as a result of injury, infection, or cardiovascular problems.

F. Treatment

Chemotherapy- the use of chemicals to treat a disease, frequently cancer

Gavage- process of feeding through a nasogastric tube into the stomach

Laser (Light Amplification by Simulated Emission of Radiation)- A device that transfers light into a beam of intense heat and power; used for surgery and diagnosis

Lavage- washing out a cavity; irrigation

Palliative treatment- provides relief, but is not a cure

Prophylaxis- prevention of disease

Radionuclide (radioisotope)- process of radioactive decay with the emission of energy that may be measured with a detector

G. Accepted Abbreviations: Must use the accepted abbreviations for specific place of employment

ā- before

ADL- Activities of daily living

BP- Blood Pressure

č- with

c/o- complains of

CC-Chief complaint

cath- cathether, catherization

ht. height

NPO- nothing by mouth

p- post; after

Psych. Psychology

Post after

Post op postoperative

Pre- before

Preop- preoperative

pt. patient

PRN – whenever necessary

R- rectal

R-respiratory

Rx- drug, prescription, therapy

s- without

spec – specimen

Stat – immediately, right now (usually in 15mins)

Surg- surgery

T – temperature

TPR/Pain – temperature, pulse, respiration

VS – vital signs: temperature, pulse, respiration, B/P, and pain

Wt. weight

WNL – within normal limits

ACCEPTED ABBREVIATIONS

Ax – axilla

AC – before meals

Ad lib – as desired

Abd - abdomen

AK – above knee

BK – below knee

BRP – bathroom privileges

BM – bowel movement

B/P – blood pressure

CD – communicable disease

NPO – nothing by mouth

Noc – nocturnal

NS – normal saline

Cath – catheter

c/o – complains of

CC – chief complain

AD – right eye

OS – left eye

OU – both eyes

Q – every

QS – quantity sufficient

QNS – quantity not sufficient